THE DEVELOPMENT OF SMALL MODULAR RECTORS (SMR) APPLICATIONS IN THE WORLD AND THE POSSIBILITIES OF THEIR USE IN TURKEY

Abstract

To achieve the Paris Agreement target of limiting global temperature rise to no more than 2°C above pre-industrial levels, it is essential to harness all available low-carbon energy sources. In this context, the use of renewable energy technologies such as wind and solar continues to grow. Nonetheless, nuclear energy remains a critical component—not only for ensuring a stable and reliable energy supply but also for supporting the economic development of both developed and developing nations. Unlike large-scale conventional nuclear reactors, most small modular reactor (SMR) designs incorporate advanced and inherent safety features, and they can be deployed either as standalone units or in multi-module configurations. SMRs are currently under development across all major reactor categories, including water-cooled reactors, high-temperature gas-cooled reactors, fast neutron spectrum reactors, liquid metal-cooled (e.g., sodium or gas-cooled) reactors, molten salt reactors, and the emerging class of microreactors. The primary drivers behind SMR development include the need for flexible power generation across a broad spectrum of users and applications, the replacement of aging fossil-fuel power plants, the enhancement of nuclear safety, and the pursuit of more cost-effective nuclear energy solutions. This study explores the operating principles of small modular reactors, their areas of application, and their potential for deployment both globally and in Turkey. Furthermore, it presents evaluations of fuel consumption and electricity generation potential based on various SMR capacities and associated assumptions.